7 Must-Have Checklists to Future-Proof Your Climate-Resilient Investment Portfolio in 2025

Climate chaos meets cold hard cash—here's how to armor-plate your portfolio.

Forget 'sustainable'—these strategies are built for survival.

1. The Greenwashing Detector: Spot climate posers before they crater your returns

2. The Supply Chain Stress Test: Find weak links before droughts snap them

3. The Policy Shock Absorber: Dodge regulatory grenades lobbed at laggards

4. The Carbon Trap Escape: Bail before stranded assets become tombstoned

5. The Adaptation Playbook: Bet on companies engineering the new normal

6. The Black Swan Buffet: Hedge against disasters Wall Street still prices as 'impossible'

7. The Exit Strategy: Because sometimes the smartest trade is walking away

Bonus tip: If your fund manager claims '100% climate-proof,' check their beachfront office coordinates.

Decoding Climate-Resilient Investing: What It Is & Why It Matters

A climate-resilient investment portfolio is a strategic collection of investments, policies, and actions specifically designed to address climate change and foster sustainable development. Its Core objectives include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable development, and enhancing an investor’s resilience to the physical and transitional impacts of climate change. This is achieved by strategically allocating capital across technologies, projects, and initiatives that directly confront climate challenges.

This approach is distinct from, yet complementary to, a purely “climate-friendly” portfolio. While a climate-friendly portfolio broadly focuses on companies and assets with a positive environmental impact, prioritizing sectors like renewable energy and clean technology while minimizing exposure to high-carbon industries , a climate-resilient portfolio specifically integrates the capacity to adapt and respond to climate change, managing associated risks and seizing opportunities.

The importance of integrating climate considerations into investment decisions cannot be overstated. Climate change stands as one of the most pressing global challenges, and the transition to a low-carbon economy is critical for mitigating its effects. Investors play a pivotal role in this transition by directing capital towards environmentally responsible companies and projects. Such investments not only contribute to addressing climate change but also offer substantial long-term financial benefits as the global economy inevitably shifts towards more sustainable practices. The World Economic Forum estimates a staggering market opportunity of USD 2 trillion per year by 2026 in the field of adaptation and resilience investments, underscoring the financial imperative of this shift.

Risks & Opportunities for Investors

Climate change presents a dual landscape of significant risks and compelling opportunities for investors. Understanding both facets is crucial for building a truly resilient portfolio.

A. Climate-Related Risks

Climate risks are broadly categorized into two main types:

• Transition Risks: These arise from the global shift towards a lower-carbon economy. As policies evolve, technologies advance, and market preferences change, certain industries and assets face considerable headwinds.
  • Policy and Legal: This includes increased pricing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enhanced reporting obligations, new mandates and regulations on existing products and services, and potential exposure to litigation. These factors can lead to increased operating costs, asset write-offs, impairment, or early retirement of existing assets.
  • Market: Shifts in consumer behavior, uncertainty in market signals, and increased costs of raw materials can significantly impact financial performance. Abrupt and unexpected shifts in energy costs, changes in revenue mix, and re-pricing of assets (e.g., fossil fuel reserves, land valuations) are also notable market risks.
  • Reputational: Companies perceived as contributing to climate change or involved in environmental crises (e.g., oil spills, excessive pollution) face significant reputational damage. This can lead to decreased demand for goods and services, reduced revenue, and negative stakeholder feedback.
  • Stranded Assets: As energy demand moves towards lower-carbon sources, companies heavily invested in fossil fuels risk being left with reserves and infrastructure that cannot be used to their full projected value. This poses a substantial risk to specific companies and even entire sectors.
• Physical Risks: These stem from the direct impacts of climate change itself, such as more frequent and intense extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and altered weather patterns.
  • Damage to Buildings and Operations: Physical damage to infrastructure, supplies, and equipment due to events like flooding or extreme weather can be costly, disrupting business operations and supply chains.
  • Pressure on Natural Resources: Shortages of drinking water, excessive strain on natural resources, and impacts on food supplies can significantly increase costs for companies. Heat waves and droughts, for example, severely affect agricultural production, leading to substantial income drops.
  • Workforce Impacts: Extreme temperature changes, water availability issues, and food insecurity can negatively affect employee health, safety, and absenteeism, leading to reduced revenue and higher operating costs.

B. Climate-Related Opportunities

Alongside the risks, climate change also unlocks a wealth of investment opportunities:

• Resource Efficiencies and Cost Savings: Efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change often lead to improved operational efficiencies and significant cost reductions.
• Low-Emission Energy Sources: The adoption of renewable energy sources is a major growth area, with investments in renewable energy capacity now exceeding those in fossil fuel generation. This trend is driven by declining costs, improved storage capabilities, and global adoption of clean energy technologies.
• New Products and Services: The imperative to address climate change stimulates innovation, leading to the development of entirely new products and services, and opening up new markets.
• Resilient Infrastructure and Buildings: Investing in companies that provide products or services supporting increased efficiency and resilience of homes and buildings, including retrofitting existing structures or reinforcing energy infrastructure, presents a clear opportunity. New construction and infrastructure projects built to withstand severe weather events and be energy-efficient are also key areas.
• Energy Transition Leaders: Companies in heavy-carbon-emitting sectors that are actively embracing the energy transition, by selling existing fossil fuel reserves and investing in energy-efficient products or low-carbon alternatives (e.g., electric vehicles, battery storage, hydrogen power, carbon capture), offer compelling investment prospects.
• Sustainable Corporate Practices: Identifying and investing in companies with leading sustainable corporate practices across various industries, considering their climate disclosures, carbon footprint, natural resource use, and waste management, can help investors avoid exposure to entities facing negative financial, reputational, and legal consequences.
• Natural Resource Efficiency and Security: Opportunities exist in companies that support natural resource efficiency, resilient infrastructure, food and water security, and sustainable agriculture.
• High-Return Adaptation Investments: Analysis indicates that adaptation efforts can yield substantial returns. Investments in the health sector for climate resilience average over 78% returns by saving lives and improving public health. Disaster risk management investments, particularly in cost-effective tools like early warning systems, deliver nearly 36% returns by safeguarding lives and infrastructure. Sustainable agriculture and forestry adaptation projects average over 29% returns through higher yields and productivity. Resilient infrastructure, encompassing energy, cities, and transport systems, offers an average return on investment close to 30%.

The Core Components of a Climate-Resilient Portfolio

Building a climate-resilient portfolio involves a strategic blend of specific investment types and adherence to robust frameworks.

A. Key Investment Types and Strategies

A climate portfolio typically includes investments across several critical areas:

• Renewable Energy Investments:
  • Solar Power: Investments in photovoltaic systems and concentrated solar power plants generate clean electricity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Wind Power: Onshore and offshore wind farms harness wind to produce clean electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
  • Hydropower: Projects like run-of-river and pumped-storage systems provide renewable energy and aid in water resource management.
  • Geothermal Energy: Tapping into the Earth’s heat offers electricity generation, heating, and cooling solutions, diminishing the need for fossil fuels.
  • Bioenergy: Converting organic matter (e.g., agricultural residues, municipal waste) into electricity, heat, and transportation fuels.
• Energy Efficiency and Conservation:
  • Building and Infrastructure Improvements: Investments in energy-efficient designs and retrofits reduce consumption, lower emissions, and decrease operational costs.
  • Industrial Processes Optimization: Improving energy efficiency, reducing waste, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions within industrial operations.
  • Transportation Efficiency: Investments in electric vehicles, public transit, and smart logistics reduce emissions and enhance air quality.
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):
  • Direct Air Capture: Developing and deploying technologies to remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere for storage or utilization.
  • Carbon Mineralization: Supporting technologies that convert carbon dioxide into stable mineral forms for long-term storage.
  • Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Integrating bioenergy production with CCS technologies to achieve negative emissions.
• Climate-Resilient Infrastructure:
  • Green Infrastructure: Investments in green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban forests enhance resilience and provide environmental and social benefits.
  • Flood and Storm Barriers: Constructing seawalls and levees to protect communities from climate impacts and reduce damage risks.
  • Drought-Resistant Agriculture: Investing in water-efficient irrigation systems and drought-tolerant crops to enhance food security and climate resilience.
• Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies:
  • Reforestation and Afforestation: Restoring degraded lands, enhancing carbon sequestration, and promoting biodiversity.
  • Ecosystem Restoration: Rehabilitating degraded ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs) to improve carbon absorption and vital ecosystem services.
  • Disaster Risk Reduction: Investing in early warning systems and resilient infrastructure to minimize the impacts of climate-related disasters.

B. Strategic Frameworks for Climate-Friendly Investing

Beyond specific asset types, several strategic frameworks guide the construction of a climate-friendly portfolio:

• Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Criteria: ESG criteria are a set of standards used to evaluate a company’s practices across environmental, social, and governance dimensions. Integrating these factors helps investors identify companies resilient to climate risks and positively contributing to environmental goals.
• Fossil Fuel Divestment: This involves removing investments from companies engaged in the extraction, production, or distribution of fossil fuels, aiming to reduce financial support for high-emission industries and encourage a shift to a low-carbon economy.
• Green Bonds and Renewable Energy Investments: Green bonds are fixed-income securities funding environmentally friendly projects like clean energy infrastructure or sustainable transportation. Investing in these and direct renewable energy projects supports the low-carbon transition and can offer attractive returns.
• Carbon Footprint Reduction: This strategy minimizes a portfolio’s exposure to high-carbon industries while increasing allocations to companies with lower carbon emissions or strong environmental practices.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Alignment: Aligning investments with the United Nations’ SDGs helps support global efforts to address climate change and other environmental challenges, creating positive environmental and social impacts.

Building Your Resilient Portfolio: Actionable Checklists

Constructing a climate-resilient investment portfolio requires a systematic approach, integrating climate considerations at every stage of the investment process.

A. Checklist for Setting Investment Objectives

Before any capital is deployed, clear objectives must be established:

• Define Purpose: Clearly articulate the underlying reasons for integrating climate resilience. This includes understanding whether the motivation is purely fiduciary (maximizing financial returns), driven by stakeholder considerations (e.g., client demand, public perception), or mandated by legislative requirements.
• Align Objectives: Ensure that climate-related objectives are integrated in a manner that complements, rather than detracts from, core financial goals. The “North Star” for any portfolio should remain achieving long-term risk-adjusted returns.
• Early Risk Integration: Proactively integrate physical climate risks into the investment process from the outset. This enhances preparedness and improves decision-making by understanding exposure to climate-related risks and how investment activities might contribute to them.

B. Checklist for Strategic Asset Allocation

Asset allocation is foundational to portfolio resilience:

• Focus on High-Impact Asset Classes: Prioritize asset classes with significant climate risk exposure or substantial potential for capturing upside opportunities. Understanding the specific climate attributes of each asset class provides a roadmap for focusing efforts.
• Evaluate Under Scenarios: For top-down allocation, evaluate the return impact of each asset class under various climate transition scenarios. This helps in understanding potential outcomes regardless of which climate scenario ultimately unfolds, thereby reducing cross-scenario uncertainty in expected returns.
• Holistic Goal Integration: Ensure asset allocation addresses two key goals: avoiding climate risks (both medium and long-term) and meeting decarbonization objectives, which includes identifying and investing in climate opportunities. A holistic approach incorporates both.
• Diversify Strategically: Employ a diversified factor approach to avoid unintended style and sector biases often found in typical sustainability or climate-focused strategies. Green bonds and alternative investments can be valuable tools for pursuing specific thematic views.

C. Checklist for Due Diligence & Security Analysis

Thorough due diligence is paramount for identifying genuinely resilient investments:

• Structured ESG Evaluation: Develop a clear framework for evaluating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors.
  • Metrics & Indicators: Identify key metrics relevant to the industries and companies under consideration, such as carbon emissions, diversity ratios, or supply chain sustainability.
  • Scoring Systems: Implement scoring and weighting systems tailored to industry-specific and general ESG concerns, ensuring critical factors receive appropriate emphasis.
  • Integration: Fully integrate the ESG evaluation framework into the overall investment analysis, considering ESG factors alongside traditional financial metrics for a holistic assessment.
• Comprehensive Data Sourcing: Utilize reputable ESG data providers and platforms (e.g., MSCI, Sustainalytics, CDP, S&P Global, EcoVadis) for detailed and reliable information. Cross-check data accuracy from multiple sources and consider alternative data like social media sentiment or satellite imagery for additional context.
• In-Depth ESG Analysis:
  • Review Reports: Examine company ESG reports, sustainability disclosures, and regulatory filings, paying attention to adherence to established standards like GRI or SASB.
  • Assess Policies & Practices: Evaluate ESG policies, management practices, and historical performance against industry standards and best practices.
  • Identify Risks & Opportunities: Conduct a materiality assessment to identify specific ESG risks (e.g., environmental hazards, social controversies, governance issues) and opportunities (e.g., sustainable material certifications, waste minimization, first-mover advantage) that could impact performance.
• Climate Scenario Analysis: Employ specialized computer models to assess the potential impact of future climate events.
  • Define Questions: Clearly set the questions to be explored, which will guide scenario construction and variable selection.
  • Build Scenarios: Utilize pre-defined scenarios (e.g., from NGFS) or construct custom scenarios for more nuanced analysis.
  • Conduct Analysis: Use mathematical computer models (e.g., Integrated Assessment Models) to map relationships between environmental and financial factors.
  • Utilize Outputs: Apply outputs (e.g., carbon prices, energy costs) to inform portfolio risk analysis and company-specific assessments.
• Geospatial Risk Analysis: Leverage geospatial climate data to identify climate exposure “hot spots” and salient climate hazards within portfolios, assessing how exposure might differ under various climate change scenarios.

D. Checklist for Portfolio Construction & Monitoring

Effective construction and ongoing monitoring are vital for maintaining resilience:

• Integrate Climate Metrics into Valuation: Adjust valuation models, such as discounted cash flow, to incorporate climate-related risks (e.g., margin erosion, asset impairment) and opportunities (e.g., low-carbon revenue growth, cost savings). This improves forecast accuracy and risk-adjusted return analysis.
• Utilize Forward-Looking Metrics: Employ advanced climate metrics like Implied Temperature Rise (ITR), Carbon Risk Rating (CRR), and Climate Value at Risk (CVaR). These metrics provide insights into potential future vulnerabilities and opportunities beyond traditional backward-looking data like emissions.
• Leverage Extensive Climate Data: Capitalize on growing climate datasets, which can offer thousands of metrics covering a vast number of issuers. These datasets sharpen decision-making across both listed and unlisted assets, supporting portfolio analytics, construction, risk management, and reporting.
• Regular Content Updates: For financial platforms providing investment information, regularly update content, checking for broken links, outdated research data, charts, and infographics to maintain credibility and relevance.

E. Checklist for Post-Investment Engagement

Active engagement can drive systemic change and enhance portfolio value:

• Influence Corporate Practices: Directly engage with companies to influence their practices and accelerate the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Investors have a crucial role in persuading boards and senior management to reduce GHG emissions across their value chains.
• Support Key Initiatives: Commit to supporting investor-led initiatives like Climate Action 100+, which engages the world’s largest corporate greenhouse gas emitters. This initiative aims to ensure companies implement strong governance frameworks for climate risk, reduce emissions consistent with the Paris Agreement, and provide enhanced corporate disclosure aligned with TCFD recommendations.
• Promote Transparency: Support initiatives like CDP’s Annual Disclosure Request, which promotes corporate transparency on environmental issues, enabling investors to better assess risk and opportunity.
• Advocate for Science-Based Targets: Engage companies on adopting science-based climate targets, which provide a roadmap for emissions reduction necessary for a 1.5°C world. This helps decarbonize portfolios and mitigate climate-related risks.

The Truth About Climate-Resilient Investing

Despite its growing importance, climate-resilient investing is often clouded by misconceptions. Addressing these is crucial for broader adoption and effective capital allocation.

• Myth: Investing sustainably leads to lower returns and underperformance.
  • Reality: Extensive performance data over many years consistently demonstrates that sustainable strategies frequently perform in line with, and in many cases, outperform traditional market benchmarks. By focusing on key ESG issues, investors can potentially lower investment risk. Furthermore, major sustainability megatrends, such as the clean energy transition, are adding significant economic value globally, contributing hundreds of billions to the world economy.
• Myth: Sustainable investing excludes things from my portfolio and only focuses on the environment.
  • Reality: ESG is a comprehensive and integrated conceptual framework that addresses Environmental, Social, and Governance factors. While climate change is a crucial environmental component, social issues (e.g., employee well-being, diversity, human rights) and governance issues (e.g., board composition, executive compensation, internal controls) are equally vital for long-term success and resilience. The approach aims to optimize impacts on all stakeholders, not just environmental ones.
• Myth: Sustainable investing is a passing fad.
  • Reality: ESG investing is far from a momentary trend. Its roots trace back decades, popularized by the UN Global Compact in 2004, with practices like the FTSE4Good Index Series emerging even earlier in 2001. Its prominence is firmly solidified by rising global awareness about sustainability, ethical business conduct, and social equality. Sustainable assets have consistently increased and stabilized over time. Despite recent market fluctuations or political backlashes in some regions, climate risk remains a material and growing factor for long-term investors, underscoring its enduring relevance.
• Myth: Sustainable investing is expensive and requires a large asset base.
  • Reality: Sustainable investing is increasingly accessible to investors of all sizes. There are numerous ways to invest sustainably, including passively managed funds, which typically have lower expense ratios compared to actively managed funds, making it a viable option for a wide range of investors.
• Myth: ESG principles are pertinent only to large corporations.
  • Reality: ESG principles and climate resilience are relevant for companies of all sizes, not exclusively large corporations. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also face significant climate risks and can derive substantial benefits from adopting sustainable practices, enhancing their resilience and attracting capital. The principles of good governance, responsible resource management, and social responsibility apply universally.

The prevalence of these common misconceptions and the robust evidence countering them signal a significant evolution within the sustainable investing landscape. The market is moving beyond superficial “green” claims towards a more rigorous, data-driven, and integrated approach to environmental, social, and governance factors. This maturation is crucial for building sustained investor trust, attracting more capital, and ensuring that funds are effectively directed towards truly resilient and impactful investments. Investors are increasingly demanding transparency, robust reporting, and adherence to recognized frameworks (like TCFD) to differentiate genuine sustainable practices and impact from mere marketing rhetoric. This necessitates diligent research and critical evaluation to identify investments that offer both financial returns and tangible contributions to a more resilient future.

Future-Proofing Your Portfolio: Emerging Trends in Climate Finance

The landscape of climate finance is dynamic, with several key trends shaping future investment opportunities and strategies. Staying abreast of these developments is essential for long-term portfolio resilience.

• CO2 Footprint Offsetting and Carbon Trading: The imperative to cut CO2 emissions and achieve carbon-neutral operations is driving significant interest in carbon markets. Businesses are increasingly leveraging carbon credit trading and offsetting mechanisms to meet emission reduction targets. This sector is expected to grow, with opportunities for climate-positive businesses that remove more CO2 than they emit.
• Evolving ESG Investment: The concept of sustainability in business has transformed, extending beyond mere CO2 offsetting to encompass a broader range of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) projects. The ESG market continues to attract substantial financing, driven by stakeholders recognizing the social value and opportunities in sustainable projects. Companies face rising pressure from investors to achieve ESG goals and deliver top-tier ESG performance, influencing their ability to attract and retain talent.
• Rising Social Impact Focus: The social component of ESG projects is gaining significant momentum. Employees are increasingly interested in working for sustainable companies, and a strong social dimension within ESG can affect employee engagement, talent attraction, and retention. Businesses with poor ESG parameters may struggle to attract and retain skilled professionals.
• Climate Reality Check: The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events underscore the urgent need for investors to prioritize resilience and adaptation across their portfolios. This heightened awareness is driving capital towards solutions that directly address physical climate risks.
• AI’s Data Dilemma: As artificial intelligence becomes more integrated into financial analysis, access to high-quality, reliable climate data for training AI models will be critical for commercial success. Companies that can build their AI models on solid data foundations will gain a significant advantage.
• Governance Power Shift: A notable trend in corporate governance is the push by shareholders for binding majority votes, signaling a potential shift in corporate decision-making and a renewed focus on financial performance alongside sustainability objectives.
• Increasing Social Risks in Equity Markets: With technology stocks leading equity markets, social risks such as privacy concerns and human capital management are gaining prominence, sometimes even overshadowing traditional environmental concerns in the sustainability lens for investors.
• Carbon Markets at a Crossroads: As quality standards rise and compliance demands create new opportunities, carbon markets may be poised for a rebound, offering new avenues for investment and emissions reduction.
• Private Capital’s Energy-Transition Advantage: Private markets are emerging as a significant source of solutions for investors seeking to capitalize on the energy transition, offering unique opportunities that may not be available in public markets.

Final Thoughts

Building a climate-resilient investment portfolio is an imperative for modern investors, offering a robust strategy to navigate the complexities of a changing world. The analysis presented highlights that this approach is not merely an ethical choice but a financially prudent one, enabling investors to mitigate significant risks while capitalizing on immense growth opportunities.

The transition to a low-carbon, adaptive economy is creating new markets and reshaping existing ones, presenting a multi-trillion-dollar opportunity in areas ranging from renewable energy and energy efficiency to resilient infrastructure and innovative climate adaptation solutions. The persistent myths surrounding sustainable investing, particularly regarding returns and scope, are consistently debunked by empirical data, revealing a maturing investment landscape where comprehensive ESG integration leads to enhanced financial stability and long-term value creation.

For investors, the path to resilience involves a disciplined and continuous process: clearly defining objectives, strategically allocating assets, conducting rigorous due diligence that incorporates climate scenario analysis and geospatial data, and actively monitoring portfolio performance with forward-looking climate metrics. Furthermore, engaging with companies to drive systemic change and supporting initiatives that promote transparency and science-based targets are crucial for fostering a more resilient global economy. The emerging trends in climate finance, from the evolution of carbon markets to the increasing role of private capital and the rising focus on social impacts, underscore the dynamic nature of this field and the continuous need for informed adaptation in investment strategies. By embracing these essential checklists, investors can build portfolios that are not only robust against climate shocks but are also positioned to lead and profit from the inevitable global shift towards a sustainable future.

requently Asked Questions (FAQ)

A1: A “climate-friendly” portfolio primarily focuses on investments that have a positive environmental impact or contribute to mitigating climate change (e.g., renewable energy, clean tech). A “climate-resilient” portfolio, while often encompassing climate-friendly elements, specifically emphasizes the ability of investments to withstand and adapt to the physical and transitional impacts of climate change, aiming to reduce vulnerabilities and capture opportunities arising from a changing climate.

A2: Yes, extensive performance data indicates that sustainable strategies, including those focused on climate resilience, frequently perform in line with, and in some cases, outperform traditional market benchmarks. By focusing on robust ESG practices, these investments can also potentially lower overall portfolio risk.

A3: Climate change poses two primary categories of risks: “Transition Risks” (related to the shift to a lower-carbon economy, such as policy changes, market shifts, and reputational damage) and “Physical Risks” (direct impacts of climate change, including extreme weather events, resource scarcity, and damage to assets and operations).

A4: Investors can assess climate risk through various methodologies, including climate scenario analysis, which uses specialized computer models to quantify potential impacts under different future climate scenarios. Utilizing comprehensive ESG data sources and forward-looking climate metrics like Implied Temperature Rise (ITR) and Carbon Risk Rating (CRR) also provides crucial insights.

A5: Key sectors include renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, bioenergy), energy efficiency (buildings, industrial processes, transportation), carbon capture and storage technologies, climate-resilient infrastructure (green infrastructure, flood barriers), and climate adaptation strategies (reforestation, ecosystem restoration, disaster risk reduction). High-return opportunities also exist in health, disaster risk management, and sustainable agriculture.

A6: No, ESG investing is not a passing trend. It has DEEP historical roots, its prominence has been solidified by increasing global awareness of sustainability, and sustainable assets have consistently grown and stabilized over time. Climate risk remains a material and growing factor for long-term investors, ensuring the continued relevance of ESG principles.

A7: Investors can directly influence corporate practices by engaging with management and boards. This often involves supporting initiatives like Climate Action 100+, advocating for enhanced climate disclosures (e.g., TCFD recommendations), promoting corporate transparency (e.g., CDP’s Disclosure Request), and encouraging the adoption of science-based emissions reduction targets.