Buterin Declares Layer 2 Interoperability Ethereum’s Make-or-Break Future

Vitalik Buterin just dropped the hammer: Ethereum's survival hinges on Layer 2 chains talking to each other—not competing.

The Interoperability Imperative

Fragmented scaling solutions could strangle Ethereum's dominance if they can't communicate seamlessly. Buterin argues that cross-rollup bridges and shared standards aren't optional—they're existential.

No more isolated islands where your assets get trapped in one ecosystem. The vision? Frictionless movement between Arbitrum, Optimism, and emerging L2s without centralized choke points.

The Finance Reality Check

Meanwhile, traditional finance still can't decide if crypto is an asset class or a scam—but they'll happily charge you 2% management fees for the 'exposure.'

Ethereum's future isn't just about cheaper transactions—it's about creating an interconnected ecosystem that actually works. The alternative? Becoming digital ghost towns with great throughput and zero utility.

 L1’s credibility, security, and creation of new technology 

According to Vitalik, their current priority is the assurance of L1’s credibility and security. One of the goals is to increase the gas limit of Ethereum L1 while maintaining decentralization. According to Vitalik, this will require block-level access lists, ZK-EVMs, gas price repricing, and slot optimization to further enhance performance. 

以太坊创始人 Vitalik ，今天在日本开发者大会，发表了以太坊当前及未来的路线目标。

短期实现：扩容，提高以太坊 L1 的 Gas 限额。

中期目标：跨 L2 互操作性，与更快相应速度。

长期愿景：安全、简洁、抗量子、经过形式化验证的精简版以太坊。

以下是现场全程梳理 ⬇️ pic.twitter.com/iiEA8tE7VK

— AB Kuai.Dong (@_FORAB) September 17, 2025

This short-term performance optimization strategy for the Ethereum mainnet balances expansion and decentralization. He noted that ideas dominating the 2010s differ significantly from those in the 2020s, and predicted the 2030s will bring another paradigm shift.

The Ethereum technology will also enhance the privacy of users’ on-chain operations as they write. This will include payments, voting, DeFi operations, and account operations such as key changes and social recovery. Vitalik said Ethereum is actively exploring privacy protection for users during on-chain interactions.

For instance, the writing privacy key technologies will use zero-knowledge proofs to protect transaction privacy on the client side, anonymous fund pools or association sets, encrypted voting based on minimized auditability, and mix network transmission of transactions to obscure the source further.

According to Vitalik, multiple encryption and obfuscation techniques enhance the privacy of on-chain write operations.

In addition, reading privacy key technologies will provide a trusted execution environment and random access memory, private information retrieval, and partial state nodes, providing only necessary data. They will also have padding and dummy request techniques, which will prevent leakage of data access patterns. These will not only need to hide write operations, but also protect privacy when users read on-chain data.

This initiative shows the crypto industry’s quest to create privacy within the blockchain. As reported by Cryptopolitan, XRP’s ledger is looking to introduce privacy to balances and transfers for confidential multi-purpose tokens.

Vitalik encourages Asian developers to use AI 

Vitalik introduced a goal of creating faster slots and certainty. This will be achieved through shortening block finalization time, network optimization, erasure coding, and improving data propagation and fault tolerance. Faster block production and finality can directly enhance user experience and network security.

Long-term, Vitalik said they look to improve their Quantum resistance to prepare for future quantum computing risks. Formal verification will ensure protocol security through mathematical means. Transition to ideal cryptographic primitives, such as optimal solutions for hashing, signatures, ZKP, etc, will also come in handy.

He encouraged Asian developers and researchers to focus on Core technical issues that will make Ethereum more efficient, secure, and decentralized. He even suggested that AI could be a powerful tool for learning and onboarding, especially in technical domains.

He added that the Chinese and Japanese developer groups work differently. China has a quick, large-scale push that is often tied to big projects. In Japan, on the other hand, coders were quick to adopt new technologies and often tried out cutting-edge ideas before they caught on around the world.

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