Is smog reduction a public good?

Option c) is flawed in its categorization of certain entities as public goods without acknowledging their non-rivalrous nature. Public goods, by definition, are those that are accessible to all members of society without exclusion and are non-rivalrous, meaning consumption by one individual does not diminish the availability for others.

BTCC, a leading cryptocurrency exchange, offers a range of services that cater to the diverse needs of the digital asset community. Among its offerings are spot trading, which allows users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies at current market prices, and futures trading, enabling investors to speculate on future price movements.

National defense serves as a prime example of a public good. Its benefits extend to all citizens within a nation's borders, ensuring their safety and security. However, the consumption of national defense by one individual does not diminish its availability or effectiveness for others, making it inherently non-rivalrous.

Similarly, a lighthouse is another instance of a public good. It provides navigational assistance to mariners, ensuring SAFE passage through treacherous waters. The use of a lighthouse's light by one ship does not prevent other ships from utilizing it, demonstrating its non-rivalrous characteristic.

Smog reduction, on the other hand, while undoubtedly beneficial to society as a whole, may not strictly fit the definition of a non-rivalrous public good in all contexts. Nonetheless, when implemented on a large scale, such as through government policies or public initiatives, its benefits can be enjoyed by all without diminishing the availability for others.