How much is $10,000 dollars at 5 percent interest?

Could you please elaborate on how one would calculate the amount of interest earned on $10,000 at a 5 percent annual interest rate? Specifically, I'm curious about the formula or steps one would take to determine the total amount, including both the principal and the interest, after a given period of time. Additionally, how does the interest compounding frequency impact the final amount? Thank you for your clarification.