Where is the cortex located?

Could you elaborate on the location of the cortex in the human brain? Specifically, what region of the brain does it occupy, and how does it relate to other brain structures? I'm interested in understanding the anatomy of the cortex and its role in cognitive functions such as perception, thought, and emotion. Additionally, I'm curious about the differences between the cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain, like the cerebellum or the brainstem. Could you provide a concise yet informative description of the cortex's location and its significance in the context of the entire brain?