Does Germany tax non residents?

Does Germany enforce taxation on individuals who are not permanent residents of the country? I'm particularly interested in understanding if non-residents are required to pay taxes on income generated within Germany's borders. Additionally, are there any specific regulations or exemptions that apply to non-residents? It would be helpful to know if there are any tax treaties between Germany and other countries that could potentially affect the taxation of non-residents. Could you please provide a comprehensive overview of Germany's taxation policies towards non-residents?